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We propose that fire should be increasingly taken into consideration in models of disturbance, vegetation development and forest openness in the whole Central European lowland forest region.The tree on which the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself shortly after escaping the Forbidden City in Beijing, China. Human influence on the fire regime was probably substantial, although the disentangling of climatic and human impacts needs further studies. These result contrasts with the written history of BPF, which focus on a few, large fires from the past. We also show that historically, fires were recurring at very close intervals, supporting an open, Pinus-dominated forest. sylvestris trees and stumps with fire scars in many conifer-dominated parts of BPF show that fire was a major component in the past dynamics of this forest.

We present the first high-resolution fire history in the Central European temperate lowland forest area. abies and a few deciduous trees regenerate.Ĥ. Later, less frequent fires promoted massive establishment of both P. When fires were frequent, Pinus sylvestris establishment occurred only sporadically. Tree establishment underwent substantial changes, closely tracking shifts in fire frequency. After 1781, the intervals between the fires increased dramatically, and since 1874 no major fire was recorded.ģ. From 1653 to the late 1700s fires were very frequent, with mean point (single tree) fire intervals of 18 years and mean stand scale fire intervals of 6 years. From 886 tree ring samples collected in a 13-ha conifer-dominated area, we reconstructed fire events and tree establishment back to the mid 1600s. An exception is the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF) in Poland for which we were able to reconstruct the fire history in detail.Ģ.

This is likely due to the lack of intact forests that contain old trees and dead wood from which fire history may be reconstructed. Fires are nowadays small, yet frequent, in temperate Central European conifer forests, but little is known about the fire history in this region.